Chapter 2. BASIC MINING IN.FORMATI·ON
CHAPTER 2 BASIC MINING INFORMATION Chapter 2. BASIC MINING IN.FORMATI·ON 2.1 Reef plane description 2 312 A reef plane (or part thereof) in space is described by the following: True dip: This is the steepest average angle at which the reef plane is inclined relative to the horizontal plane (normally at its origin closest to the earth's
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A Trade-Off Study Between Drill & Blast Operations and Reef Boring Method
With increasing depths of mining, difficult reef geologies, reduced overall mine productivity, as well as the increasing cost lines associated with mining in the narrow tabular property; the current blasting related mining methods prove to be less efficient. This is owing to low efficiency, higher effect on the surrounding rock, possible fly rock, dilution, …
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The optimization of mining method and equipment
Change in the form of different technology requires change in mining method until the best match is achieved. This paper covers the development of technology and mining method that has occurred in the last five years to arrive at the objective of successful mechanized mining in narrow reef platinum deposits of the Bushveld Complex.
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NEW TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN DEEP- LEVEL …
2. MINING METHODS IN SOUTH AFRICA Mining methods in South Africa, although advanced, have remained largely unchanged for the past ten decades, with the same methods of blast and re-entry still being used in gold mines. Early mining methods involved mining of outcropped reef surfaces of the Wits Basin. As the Wits Basin down …
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Rock engineering aspects of a modified mining sequence in a
The original decision to implement the sequential grid mining method at Kusasalethu Mine was based on the following factors (Handley et al., 2000): Less off-reef development, thus less capital required. Improved flexibility with respect to mining and planning. This is important for a variable grade orebody.
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Mining : What is Mining? What are the 4 mining …
Four main methods of mining are available: underground, open surface (pit), placer and in-situ mining. Underground mines are more expensive and often used to reach deposits that are deeper. Surface …
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The geotechnical evolution of deep-level mechanized …
traditional South African narrow-reef gold mining methods. In 2015, the mine moved to high-profile (5.5 m high) horizontal destress development with mechanized installation of ground support, and crush pillars were replaced with yield pillars. This has resulted in a safer working environment with industry best-practice support standards and ...
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12.9: Mining
12.9: Mining. Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, or reef, which forms the mineralized package of economic interest to the miner. Figure 1. Surface coal mining.
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Dargues Reef Gold Mine, New South Wales (NSW)
The Dargues Reef gold mine is located in New South Wales (NSW) in Australia, approximately 60km south-east of Canberra, directly north of the town of Majors Creek. The mine was owned by Cortona Resources, which merged with Unity Mining in January 2013. Discovered in the 1870s, the deposit was mined over two periods, from …
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The geotechnical evolution of deep-level mechanized …
Since Gold Fields acquired South Deep in 2007, several mining methods have been used to date, but destressing was done conventionally using traditional South African narrow-reef gold mining methods.
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Mining Weekly
In chrome and platinum mining, where the dip is generally not more than 100, 30-million tons a year are being mined using mechanised low-profile room-and-pillar mining method in narrow-reef orebodies.
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(PDF) A review of the sequential grid mining method employed at
The use of dip stabilizing pillars in deep reef mining in South Africa was also studied using numerical modelling, comparing a new multi-raise sequence to the traditional sequential grid mining ...
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Assessment of current mining strategy J for steep reefs at …
steep reef8. To come up with a mining method best for Mine A a workshop was conducted on steep reef mining on 1 August 20058. Three mining methods were discussed9. These are breast, overhand and underhand mining methods. A decision had to be made as to which of the three methods would be the best option for mining steep …
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Mponeng mine, South Africa
The other gold-bearing reef with a reported mineral resource for Mponeng is the CLR. ... grading 19.13 g/t of gold. Mining Method: To explore the ever-deepening mineral resource and remain ...
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Going for Gold
In Zimbabwe gold production is a crucial component of the nation's GDP and artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is anticipated to be a major boost towards attaining the 12 billion by 2023 mining vision set by the president in 2019. Given the influence that gold mining has on rural communities, UNDP Zimbabwe is investing in an ...
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Constraints on the Geometry and Gold Distribution in the Black …
We investigated the gold-bearing Black Reef Formation in the West Rand and Carletonville goldfields of South Africa using approaches that are components of a …
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Ranking the efficiency of selected platinum mining methods …
Introduction. The South African platinum mining industry is using a number of different mining methods, including variations of the same method, to extract the narrow reef tabular platinum deposits of the Bushveld Complex. Some of the mining methods are still under trial for assessment as alternatives to those in current use.
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The Platinum Group Element Deposits of the Bushveld Complex …
Best mining methods then also become an issue. Currently, all mining on the Platreef is by open pit methods, but it is limited to probably 500–800 m depth. Drilling has shown that the Platreef continues to at least 2 km depth. Methods of underground mining of this wide ore body are still being developed.
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Narrow-reef precious metals mining at a crossroads
In chrome and platinum mining, where the dip is generally not more than 100, 30-million tons a year are being mined using …
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Some rock engineering aspects of multi-reef pillar …
There are two sub-categories of multi-reef mining: simultaneous and subsequent extraction. Each category would involve a different set of considerations for safe extraction of an area. Du Plessis and Talu (1997) …
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Advanced Analytics for Mining Method Selection | SpringerLink
One of the most important aspects of mining is selecting a mining method. It determines the efficiency of the economy, technology, and the environment. As shown in Fig. 4.5, mining technique selection is seen as an issue with multiple decision-makers. In reality, some mines exclusively use one type of mining.
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v117n7a1 Multi-stakeholder collaboration to unlock the …
Narrow-reef mining methods, technology, and mechanized equipment have not changed much over the last century, despite the productivity fluctuations. There have been three significant innovations (Pickering, 2004): The introduction of hand-held pneumatic rock-drills around 1970, which were designed to replace rig-mounted units.
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Constraints on the Geometry and Gold Distribution in the Black Reef
Modeling of the Black Reef Formation horizon and structural features (Figs. 3, 4, 11), mineral grain size distributions (Fig. 8), and prediction of the spatial distribution of gold using sparse data from drill holes and underground samples can be considered groundwork for more efficient mining and mineral processing stages. Geometallurgy is a ...
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Geological factors influencing the design of a narrow-reef
Conventional mining methods 1 m stope width drill and blast labour intensive. Longhole mining drill and blast <1 m stope width, ~70-80cm can be partly mechanised. Narrow …
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Mining Methods | SpringerLink
Longwall mining, generalised after Hamrin (1982, 2001): (a) plan showing general layout of the longwall stope; (b) gold reef mined by longwall method in South Africa Full size image In South Africa the technique was adapted for mining reef-type gold deposits, where gold is distributed in the thin beds of the quartz conglomerates, usually …
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A trade-off study between down-dip and breast mining on the
Breast mining was found to be costly in comparison with down-dip mining, which has a good cost performance rating. The overall ratings of the two mining methods are very similar, with down-dip mining achieving a rating of 76 and breast mining 75.5 out of an optimum 102. Khomanani 2 currently practices breast mining, and with such a slight ...
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(PDF) Mining Methods: Part I-Surface mining
The surface mining technologies have been broadly divided into two; 1) Mechanical excavation methods and 2) Aqueous methods (Harraz, 2010). ... ... Aqueous methods divided into Placer (Panning ...
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Quick Guide to Hard Rock Mining | An Underground Miner
Each mineral requires a specific approach.It would be best to understand the techniques used in this type of mining if you plan on becoming an excellent miner. This type of mining focuses on two basic techniques: Room & Pillar and Cut & Fill. Room and Pillar is a method used for mining flat ore deposits. T he cut and fill method is used while …
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Mining all of the reef, all of the time
South Africa's reef deposits, especially gold and platinum-bearing ore bodies, are narrow and tabular. While legislation dictates a minimum operation height of 800 mm in areas where people work, some of the country's narrow reef mines have ore bodies with thicknesses of less than 500 mm, which results in ore dilution, as waste ore with …
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