QUALIFYING FLUID & PROPPANT
divided inorganic matter levels in fracturing proppants. High turbidity reflects improper ... API / ISO Crush Test – The API test is useful for comparing proppant crush resistance and overall strength under varying stresses. ... Change in Median Particle Diameter over the Crush Spectrum 16/30 Bauxite 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 Unstressed ...
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Preparation and characterization of high silicon ceramic …
And the key to the hydraulic fracturing process is proppants, which are spherical solid particles with low density, high strength and good corrosion resistance, …
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A comprehensive review on proppant technologies
proppant due to the potential for the 100 mesh to invade and occupy pore space. Schmidt et al. [13] investigated how different proppant sizes perform when mixing of different proppant sizes and tail-in mixing. They found that higher concentrations of more conductive proppant have a significant impact on propped fracture conductivity.
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Propping agents and fracture conductivity
The strength of a ceramic proppant is proportional to its density. Also, the higher-strength proppants, like sintered bauxite, cost more than ISP and LWP. Ceramic proppants are used to stimulate deep ( > 8,000 ft) wells where large values of in-situ stresses will apply large forces on the propping agent. Factors affecting fracture conductivity
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Crushing and embedment of proppant packas recovery
proppant pack porosity up to 29.5%) in the fracturing stimulations with higher in-situ stresses are recommended to de-escalate the critical consequences of crushing associated issues. Similarly ...
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Sintering mechanism of high-intensity and low-density ceramic proppants
Proppant has been widely applied in the oil and gas exploitation during the hydraulic fracturing operation due to its unique properties, such as high crush resistance and adjustable density [1,2].In the recent years, with the worldwide exploitation of oil-gas resources and rapidly increased production of ceramic proppant industry, as the main …
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Effects of MnO2 and Fe2O3 on microstructure and crush resistance …
The content of Al 2 O 3 in this bauxite is significantly lower than that in the bauxite used in common proppants as main raw materials [3, 4], which makes the proppants more beneficial ...
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Interactions between different acids and bauxitic-based ceramic
Most ceramic proppants are alumina-based, using kaolin and bauxitic clays as the raw materials. The acid resistance of the fracturing proppant is an essential property. ... XRF showed that the solubility of the proppant occurs mainly in mullite and maghemite due to their high reactivity. Crush resistance test shows a direct …
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LWP Fracturing Proppants
Intermediate Strength Proppants. Fracturing proppant is made of high-quality bauxite and other raw materials and sintered with ceramics. It is widely used in fracturing of deep Wells and high-pressure oil and gas zones. ... --Made from bauxite ore, superior crush resistance in a broad range of applications; Available sizes: 16/20,16/30, 20/40 ...
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Low-Density and High-Strength Fracking Proppant Made by High …
The market trend for the hydraulic fracking technology is to use fewer chemicals and lower-density, higher-crush-strength proppants, for example, an apparent density less than 3.00 g/cm 3 (bulk density less than 1.65 g/cm 3) and strength no less than 52 MPa.The global market volume for low-density and high-strength proppant is about 2 million tons, and is …
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Proppant charge and method (Patent) | OSTI.GOV
Sand is used most often as a fracturing proppant in shallow wells. Deep wells with high closure stresses require a proppant, such as sintered bauxite, that will not crush under adverse conditions. ... This article describes a modified crush resistance procedure for testing proppant strength in an elevated temperature, aqueous (hot and wet ...
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Crushing characteristics of four different proppants and …
The laboratory conductivity tests at a proppant loading of 2 lb/ft 2 give a proppant pack height approximately half the height measured from the crush test (proppant loading 4 lb/ft 2). For example, at 40 MPa, the proppant height from the crush test is 10.97 mm for the mesh 40/70 Genoa sand and is 11.71 mm for the mesh 30/50 …
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Development of the Fracturing Proppant with Low Density …
shale gas. The desired properties of fracturing proppants are high crush strength, low apparent density, good acid erosion resistance, high sphericity and high flow conductivity to increase the gas output and exploitation rate. Depending on the size and capacity of each well, each well can consume up to 1000 tons proppants. In 2013, the
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Proppants
The crush resistance test is performed by crushing a sample of proppants under increasing stresses. The highest stress level (rounded down to the nearest 1000 psi) under which the proppants generate no more than 10% crushed material is defined as the crush resistance (sometimes called the K-value). The higher the crush resistance is, the …
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Orient Ceratech Ltd
High crush resistance and better permeability; Best Sphericity and roundness; Benefits. Exhibits best performance at aggressive environment; Provides ease of operation during fracturing; Optimized to provide cost-effectiveness; Manufactured from captive resources; Available Fractions. 20/40, 30/50, 40/70 or any other customizations. Specifications
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About Us
HSE Policy. Prop Supply & Service, LLC (d/b/a Rainbow Ceramics), is a leading supplier of ultra-lightweight, lightweight, intermediate- and high-strength ceramic proppants based in Houston, Texas. We are dedicated to developing, manufacturing, and supplying superior quality and cost competitive proppants that are utilized in the fracturing ...
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Proppants Market | Global Industry Size Forecast
It is a naturally occurring proppant made from high purity sandstone. These proppants are mostly applicable under closure pressure of 6,000 psi. ... Ceramic proppants has higher strength and crush resistance than frac sand, as it can withstand closure stresses up to 20,000 psi. ... Hydraulic fracturing is the major application of proppants, and ...
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Corrosion resistance of ceramic proppant in BaO–CaO–P
The acid resistance of fracturing proppant can be effectively improved by adding BaCO 3 and reducing SiO 2. An acid-resistant proppant was created in a BaO–CaO–P 2 O 5 –Al 2 O 3 system without SiO 2 to increase the proppant's acid resistance. The effects of corrosion on the properties and microstructure of the …
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Low-temperature sintering of bauxite-based fracturing proppants
Bauxite-based fracturing proppants with high strengths were prepared at sintering temperatures below 1200 °C via the addition of CaO and MnO 2.The effects of CaO and MnO 2 addition on the sintering behavior and the crush resistance of the bauxite-based proppants were investigated. The addition of CaO and MnO 2 promoted the …
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Crush-Resistance test results for unreacted and reacted bauxite …
Although detailed experimental, numerical and theoretical approaches on the phenomenon of proppant crushing and embedment have been reported, to date, researchers have …
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Optimization design of low-density and high-strength ceramic proppants
Ceramic proppants are of extreme importance in the hydraulic fracturing process, an effective method for extracting natural oil and gas, shale gas, and coalbed methane resources, as they provide long-term conductivity of the fracture. 1–4 The desirable ceramic proppants typically have high sphericity and roundness, low density, and high …
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Ultra-light weight proppant: Synthesis, characterization, and
Ideal proppants for hydraulic fracturing should have specific gravity less than 2.0 g/cm 3, ... to evaluate their performance as proppants, by essays such as crush resistance and conductivity tests. ... low-density ceramic proppant with high breakage resistance. Materials Letters, Volume 180, 2016, pp. 127-129 ...
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Orient Ceratech Ltd
ALPHAPROP SERIES - AHS15 is an intermediate high strength proppant manufactured using bauxite as the principal raw material. Manufactured as per IS-13503-2 standard, AHS15 offers excellent crush resistance at pressures as high as 15000 psi, exhibits low acid solubility and possesses high sphericity and roundness across required sieve …
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Major factors influencing proppant behaviour and proppant
The ultra-low permeability of shale reservoirs necessitates engineering applications such as hydraulic fracturing to enable the extraction of economically viable amounts of gas. In this process, a high-pressure fluid is injected into the reservoir to create a network of fractures. Proppants are solid, spherical, high-strength particles with size …
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Extensive analysis of single ceramic proppant fracture
The changes in crush resistance of NaCl-reacted proppants were compared with those of water-reacted proppants to eliminate the effect of the water …
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Investigation of ultra-light weight proppant application in shale
As a result, the strength and crush resistance are significantly increased. ULW-2 and ULW-3 have a Stokes' settling rate 75% and 33% lower than the sand with a similar size. ... the combination of rod proppants and pulse-fracturing technology has been successfully applied to many reservoirs. It can not only solve the issue of proppant ...
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Sintering mechanism of high-intensity and low-density ceramic proppants
The results showed that the proppants sintered at 1260°C for 2 h with a heating rate of 5°C min–1 under air atmosphere exhibited high crush resistance and low density, with the breakage ratio ...
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Preparation and characterization of high silicon ceramic proppants
The content of low grade bauxite was determined to be 60 wt% to ensure the strength of high silica proppants, and the content of fly ash was designed for 20–40 wt% so that the content of SiO 2 in proppant is higher than Al 2 O 3. Meantime, since both bauxite and fly ash are barren and poor plasticity, a certain amount of clay was added to ...
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Fracture conductivity comparison of ceramic proppants
@article{osti_6414024, title = {Fracture conductivity comparison of ceramic proppants}, author = {Cutler, R A and Enniss, D O and Jones, A H and Swanson, S R}, abstractNote = {Lightweight, intermediate-strength proppants have been developed that are intermediate in cost between sand and bauxite. A wide variety of proppant materials is characterized …
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Effect of raw material milling on ceramic proppants properties
Low density and high breakage resistance ceramic proppants were developed from kaolin, bauxite and monoaluminum phosphate (MAP). The effect of the particle size on the raw materials over the density, the open porosity and the breakage resistance of the proppants was evaluated. ... bulk density of 1.32 g/cc, acid solubility …
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